The french triangular trade system

The role that international trade has played in developing a globally integrated economy is well-known. Along with growth and prosperity, it has brought suffering and exploitation. However, nothing comes close to the brutality and inhuman suffering that was inflicted on human beings for such a long period as the slave trade. The misery of the African slaves formed a vital link in the trading system that connected the continents and formed the backbone of the global network of commerce.

Contrary to the popular image, the triangular slave trade that linked Europe, Africa, and the New World was not a closed circuit. Rather, it formed an essential bridge between Europe's New World trade and its Asia trade.

As such, it was a crucial element in the development of the global economy in the 18th century. A brief look at the international commerce of France will illustrate this point. In the 18th century, France carried on two types of trade with its New World colonies.

One was the direct trade by which France sent wheat, wine, metal objects, and building materials to the New World in exchange for sugar, and, to a lesser degree, cotton, cocoa, tobacco, rocou, and coffee.

The other was the triangular slave trade, which the French referred to as the "circuit" trade. French ships loaded with trade goods sailed to Africa, where the goods were exchanged for slaves. The slaves were then taken to France's New World colonies, where they were exchanged for sugar and other plantation products. Both types of trade were conducted largely by barter: There was one basic economic fact - little noticed by historians - that provides the key to the relationship between the direct trade and the circuit trade.

For that reason, the most common form of slave contract called for fifty percent of the sugar to be delivered immediately and the remainder to be delivered a year later. The second delivery carried no interest penalty, and so the slave sellers were in effect giving the buyers an interest-free loan. The major problem was how to get the remaining fifty percent of the sugar back to France. The solution was provided by the direct traders. Ships coming to the New World directly from France carried products that were of relatively low value in relation to their bulk.

The amount of sugar that could be obtained in exchange often filled only a third to a half of their cargo holds. The excess space was used to carry sugar back to France for slave traders. Over the years a symbiotic relationship developed between the direct traders and the circuit traders. The income from hauling sugar for slave traders provided the margin that made direct voyages profitable, and the direct traders provided a means by which the slave traders could recover the remainder of their sugar.

This relationship was destroyed in when the French Company of the Indies banned all private traders from the slave trade. This act not only affected the private slave traders, but also the direct traders because the company would not pay them to carry the excess sugar.

Triangular Trade: Route, System & Role in Slavery - Video & Lesson Transcript | kysiqubonypun.web.fc2.com

The mayor of Nantes responded angrily:. Two major bankruptcies have just been declared in Nantes, and we greatly fear that there will be more. The returns from our colonies have shown a loss ever since the Company of the Indies began to enforce its monopoly The move jeopardized the company as well.

Because it operated as a closed economic circuit, it had no way of retrieving the excess sugar. Sometimes, in desperation, the company actually sent empty ships to the Caribbean to bring back sugar, but this practice was too inefficient to be sustained. It was estimated that the company recovered only about a third of the money it invested annually in the slave trade. Because the company's board of directors could not figure out a way to maintain its monopolistic practices and still conduct the slave trade at a profit, it voted in to abandon its monopoly and open up the slave trade to private traders.

The symbiotic relationship between the slave trade and the direct New World trade was quickly restored. If the slave trade was intimately intertwined with Europe's New World trade, it was equally embroiled in the Asia trade. When the slave ship Diligent left France for the West African coast in , over half its cargo consisted of cowry shells and various types of Indian textiles.

The cowry shells, which served as the major currency along the West African coast, came from the Maldive Islands, near India. Company of the Indies ships returning from India and China would stop in the Maldive Islands and purchase cowry shells, which they used as packing material to cushion crates of porcelain and other goods much as we would use Styrofoam popcorn today.

The cowries also served as ballast to keep the ship steady. Because the porcelain, tea, spices, and textiles of Asia were of higher value than the European trade goods that the ships brought from France, returning ships had a great deal of empty space in their holds that was filled with cowry shells. Once back in France, the cowries were removed and repacked in barrels to be shipped to West Africa.

Slave traders were aware that their financial success depended upon carrying trade goods that were in demand in Africa. Since cowry shells were the major currency on the West African coast, they were always in demand.

Textiles, however, were more risky because fashions along the West African coast could change from year to year. Traders thus carried a variety of European and Indian textiles in order to spread out the risk. The Diligent, for example, carried several types of Indian textiles: The demise of the French East India Company in it was later resurrected as the Company of the Indies caused a problem for French slave traders. It was impossible for them to remain competitive in the slave trade without ready access to cowry shells and Indian textiles.

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So vital was the Asian trade to the slave trade that a consortium of merchants raised over a million livres to start a company to replace the defunct French East India Company. In requesting authorization from the French Council of Commerce, the merchants cited the difficulties they were having in obtaining the products of Asia that were vital for the slave trade. The slave trade could not function successfully, they argued, unless they had direct access to cowry shells and Indian textiles.

The government denied the merchants' request and instead formed the Company of the Indies, which was given a monopoly over both the Asia trade and the slave trade. The integration of France's Asia trade with the slave trade was now complete.

Ships returning from Asia unloaded their textiles and cowry shells at the company port of Lorient on the Brittany Coast of France, and the goods were immediately reloaded onto company slave ships bound for Africa.

The Asia trade supplied necessary trade goods for the slave ships, and the slave ships provided a steady market for the Asian products. The only flaw in the company's system was that it failed to integrate itself into the direct trade with the New World. That flaw proved fatal. After the Company of the Indies abandoned its monopoly on the slave trade in , a new system emerged that endured for decades.

Triangular Trade ***

The company brought Indian textiles and cowry shells to its home port in Lorient, where it sold them to private slave traders who exchanged them for slaves in Africa. The slaves were then carried to the New World and exchanged for sugar. Roughly half of that sugar was carried back to France on slave ships, and the other half was carried by direct traders. The triangular slave trade, the Asia trade, and the direct trade to the New World formed an integrated system.

No segment of it could survive without the others. It is a tragic irony that the archaic institution of slavery played such a crucial role in the 18th century development of the modern world economy. Robert Harms is Professor of History at Yale and chair of the Council on African Studies. A Voyage through the Worlds of the Slave Trade. Skip to main content. Early Globalization and the Slave Trade While many are aware of the 'triangular' slave trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas in the 18th century, few people realize that Asian-European trade was also instrumental in sustaining the exchange of human slaves.

For example, French ships taking European goods to Asia returned with cowry shells and Indian textiles valued by West Africans. On the African coast, traders exchanged these Asian products for slaves who, in turn, were sent to France's New World colonies.

The circle was completed when sugar and other goods from the Americas were loaded on board and shipped back to France. The Asian-European trading relationship, as a fundamental step in the African slave trade, thus played a crucial role in the development of an integrated global economy in the early modern era. Early Globalization and the Slave Trade.

Trips around the world were essential for sustaining slavery. Friday, May 9, Nineteenth century lithograph of a French ship transporting slaves to the colonies in the Caribbean: Sugar for Slaves completed the global trade route. The Digital Media Lab at the University of Virginia Library.

An African slave with remnant of coffle rope around the neck, and inset the cowry shells they were often bartered with. Alderman Library, University of Virginia. The mayor of Nantes responded angrily: L'Ere des Negreiers, Paris, , p.

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