Iran stock market wiki

It is the only country with both a Caspian Sea and an Indian Ocean coastline. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuzmake it of great geostrategic importance. Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations[19] [20] beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the 4th millennium BC. It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the 7th century BC, [21] and reached its greatest extent during the Achaemenid Empire founded by Cyrus the Great in the 6th century BC, stretching from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valleybecoming the largest empire the world had yet seen.

Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the 7th century AD, largely displacing the indigenous faiths of Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism with Islam. Iran made major contributions to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential figures in art and science.

After two centuries, a period of various native Muslim dynasties began, which were later conquered by the Turks and the Mongols. The rise of the Safavids in the 15th century led to the reestablishment of a unified Iranian state and national identity, [4] which followed the country's conversion to Shia Islammarking a turning point in Iranian and Muslim history.

Following a coup instigated by the United Kingdom and the United States inIran gradually became closely aligned with the West, and grew increasingly autocratic. Iran is a founding member of the UNECONAMOICand OPEC.

It is a major regional and middle power[33] [34] and its large reserves of fossil fuels — which include the world's largest natural gas supply and the fourth-largest proven oil reserves [35] [36] — exert considerable influence in international energy security and the world economy. The country's rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 21 UNESCO World Heritage Sitesthe third-largest number in Asia and 11th-largest in the world. Historically, Iran has been referred to as Persia by the Westdue mainly to the writings of Greek historians who called Iran Persis Greek: As the most extensive interactions the Ancient Greeks had with any outsider was with the Persians, the term persisted, even long after the Persian rule in Greece.

However, Persis Old Persian: The settlement was then shifted to the southern end of the Zagros Mountainsand is today defined as Fars Province. InReza Shah requested the international community to refer to the country by its native name, Iran. As the New York Times explained at the time, "At the suggestion of the Persian Legation in Berlinthe Tehran government, on the Persian New Year, NowruzMarch 21,substituted Iran for Persia as the official name of the country.

Historical and cultural usage of the word Iran is not restricted to the modern state proper. In addition to modern Iran, it includes portions of the CaucasusMesopotamiaAnatolia and Central Asia. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language in the dictionary's Usage Ballot addressed the topic of the pronunciations of Iran and Iraq. The earliest archaeological artifacts in Iran, like those excavated at the Kashafrud and Ganj Par sites, attest to a human presence in Iran since the Lower Paleolithic era, c.

Elam, the most prominent of these civilizations, developed in the southwest of Iran, alongside those in Mesopotamia. The emergence of writing in Elam was paralleled to Sumerand the Elamite cuneiform was developed since the 3rd millennium BC. The Elamite Kingdom continued its existence until the emergence of the Median and Achaemenid empires. Between BC until about BC, northwestern Iran was part of the Kura-Araxes culture that stretched into the neighbouring regions of the Caucasus and Anatolia.

Since the earliest 2nd millennium BC, Assyrians settled in swaths of western Iran, and incorporated the region into their territories. During the 2nd millennium BC, Proto-Iranian tribes arrived in Iran from the Eurasian steppes[67] rivaling the native settlers of the country. From the late 10th to late 7th centuries BC, the Iranian peoples, together with the pre-Iranian kingdoms, fell under the domination of the Assyrian Empirebased in northern Mesopotamia.

The conquest of Media was a result of what is called the Persian Revolt. The brouhaha was initially triggered by the actions of the Median ruler Astyagesand was quickly spread to other provinces, as they allied with the Persians. Later conquests under Cyrus and his successors expanded the empire to include LydiaBabylonEgyptparts of the Balkans and Eastern Europe proper, as well as the lands to the west of the Indus and Oxus rivers.

Cyrus entered Babylon and presented himself as a traditional Mesopotamian monarch. Subsequent Achaemenid art and iconography reflect the influence of the new political reality in Mesopotamia. At its greatest extent, the Achaemenid Empire included the modern territories of Iran, AzerbaijanArmeniaGeorgiaTurkeymuch of the Black Sea coastal regions, northeastern Greece and southern Bulgaria Thracenorthern Greece and Macedonia Paeonia and Ancient MacedonIraqSyriaLebanonJordanIsraelPalestinian territoriesall significant ancient population centers of ancient Egypt as far west as LibyaKuwaitnorthern Saudi Arabiaparts of the UAE and OmanPakistanAfghanistan, and much of Central Asiamaking it the first world government and the largest empire the world had yet seen.

It is estimated that in BC, 50 million people lived in the Achaemenid Empire. Eventual conflict on the western borders began with the Ionian Revolt which erupted into the Greco-Persian Warsand continued through the first half of the 5th century BC, and ended with the Persian withdrawal from all of their European territories in the Balkans and Eastern Europe proper.

Following the premature death of Alexander, Iran came under the control of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire. In the middle of the 2nd century BC, the Parthian Empire rose to become the main power in Iran, and the century-long geopolitical arch-rivalry between Romans and Parthians began, culminating in the Roman—Parthian Wars. The Sassanids established an empire within the frontiers achieved by the Achaemenids, with their capital at Ctesiphon. The Sassanid Empire of the Late Antiquity is considered as one of the most influential periods of Iran, as Iran influenced the culture of ancient Rome and through that as far as Western Europe[81] [82] Africa[83] Chinaand India[84] and played a prominent role in the formation of both European and Asian medieval art.

Most of the era of both Parthian and Sassanid empires were overshadowed by the Roman-Persian Warswhich raged on their western borders at the Anatoliathe western CaucasusMesopotamiaand the Levantfor over years. These wars exhausted both Romans and Sassanids, and led to the defeat of both at the hands of the invading Muslim Arabs. Several offshoots of the Achaemenids, Parthians, and Sassanids, established eponymous dynasties and branches in Anatolia and the Caucasus, including the Kingdom of Pontusthe Mihranidsand the Arsacid dynasties of ArmeniaIberia Georgiaand Caucasian Albania present-day Azerbaijan and southern Dagestan.

The prolonged Byzantine-Sassanid Warsmost importantly the climactic Byzantine-Sassanid War ofas well as the social conflict within the Sassanid Empireopened the way for an Arab invasion to Iran in the 7th century. The prolonged and gradual process of the Islamization of Iran began following the conquest.

Under the new Arab elite of the Rashidun and later the Umayyad caliphates, both converted mawali and non-converted dhimmi Iranians were discriminated against, being excluded from the government and military, and having to pay a special tax called Jizya.

Inthe Abbasids overthrew the Umayyads, due mainly to the support from the mawali Iranians. The role of the old Arab aristocracy was gradually replaced by an Iranian bureaucracy. After two centuries of the Arab rule, semi-independent and independent Iranian kingdoms such as the TahiridsSaffaridsSamanidsand Buyids began to appear on the fringes of the declining Abbasid Caliphate. By the Samanid era in the 9th and 10th centuries, the efforts of Iranians to regain their independence had been well solidified.

The blossoming literaturephilosophymedicineand art of Iran became major elements in the formation of a new age for the Iranian civilization, during the period known as the Islamic Golden Age.

The cultural revival that began in the Abbasid period led to a resurfacing of the Iranian national identityand so earlier attempts of Arabization never succeeded in Iran. The Iranian Shuubiyah movement became a catalyst for Iranians to regain independence in their relations with the Arab invaders. The 10th century saw a mass migration of Turkic tribes from Central Asia into the Iranian plateau.

Inlarge portions of Iran came briefly under the rule of the Ghaznavidswhose rulers were of mamluk Turk origin, and longer subsequently under the Turkish Seljuk and Khwarezmian empires.

These Turks had been Persianized and had adopted Persian models of administration and rulership. In —21 the Khwarezmian Empire suffered a devastating invasion by the Mongol army of Genghis Khan. According to Steven R. Ward, " Mongol violence and depredations killed up to three-fourths of the population of the Iranian Plateau, possibly 10 to 15 million people.

Some historians have estimated that Iran's population did not again reach its pre-Mongol levels until the midth century. Following the fracture of the Mongol Empire inHulagu Khangrandson of Genghis Khan, established the Ilkhanate in Iran. Inyet another conqueror, Timurfollowed the example of Hulaguestablishing the Timurid Empire which lasted for another years.

InTimur ordered the complete massacre of Isfahanreportedly killing 70, citizens. By the s, Ismail I from Ardabilestablished the Safavid dynastywith Tabriz as the capital. As a result, thereof, the modern-day Iran is the only official Shia nation of the world, with it holding an absolute majority in Iran and the Republic of Azerbaijanhaving there the 1st and 2nd highest number of Shia inhabitants by population percentage in the world.

The centuries-long geopolitical and ideological rivalry between Safavid Iran and the neighboring Ottoman Empireled to numerous Ottoman—Persian Wars. The Safavid Era saw the start of mass integration from Caucasian populations into new layers of the society of Iran, as well as mass resettlement of them within the heartlands of Iran, playing a pivotal role in the history of Iran for centuries onwards.

Following a gradual decline in the late s and early s, which was caused by the internal conflicts, the continuous wars with the Ottomans, and the foreign interference most notably the Russian interferencethe Safavid rule was ended by the Pashtun rebels who besieged Isfahan and defeated Soltan Hosein in InNader Shaha chieftain and military genius from Khorasansuccessfully drove out and conquered the Pashtun invaders.

He subsequently took back the annexed Caucasian territories which were divided among the Ottoman and Russian authorities by the ongoing chaos in Iran. During the reign of Nader Shah, Iran reached its greatest extent since the Sassanid Empire, reestablishing the Iranian hegemony all over the Caucasusas well as other major parts of the west and central Asia, and briefly possessing what was arguably the most powerful empire at the time. Nader Shah invaded India and sacked far off Delhi by the late s.

His territorial expansion, as well as his military successes, went into a decline following the final campaigns in the Northern Caucasus. The assassination of Nader Shah sparked a brief period of civil war and turmoil, after which Karim Khan of the Zand dynasty came to power inbringing a period of relative peace and prosperity.

The geopolitical reach of the Zand dynasty was limited, compared to its preceding dynasties. Many of the Iranian territories in the Caucasus gained de facto independence and were locally ruled through various Caucasian khanates.

However, despite the self-ruling, they all remained subjects and vassals to the Zand king. Another civil war ensued after the death of Karim Khan inout of which Aqa Mohammad Khan emerged, founding the Qajar dynasty in Infollowing the disobedience of the Georgian subjects and their alliance with the Russiansthe Qajars captured Tblisi by the Battle of Krtsanisiand drove the Russians out of the entire Caucasus, reestablishing the Iranian suzerainty over the region.

The Russo-Persian wars of — and — resulted in large irrevocable territorial losses for Iran in the Caucasuscomprising all of Transcaucasia and Dagestanwhich made part of the very concept of Iran for centuries, [27] and thus substantial gains for the neighboring Russian Empire.

As a result of the 19th century Russo-Persian wars, the Russians took over the Caucasus, and Iran irrevocably lost control over its integral territories in the region comprising modern-day Dagestan, GeorgiaArmeniaand Azerbaijanwhich got confirmed per the treaties of Gulistan and Turkmenchay. As Iran shrank, many Transcaucasian and North Caucasian Muslims moved towards Iran, [] [] especially until the aftermath result of the Caucasian War[] and the decades afterwards, while Iran's Armenians were encouraged to settle in the newly incorporated Russian territories, [] [] [] causing significant demographic shifts.

Between anda series of protests took place in response to the sale of concessions to foreigners by Qajar monarchs Nasser ed Din and Mozaffar ed Dinand led to the Iranian Constitutional Revolution. The first Iranian Constitution and the first national parliament of Iran were founded inthrough the ongoing revolution. The Constitution included the official recognition of Iran's three religious minorities, namely ChristiansZoroastriansand Jews[] which has remained a basis in the legislation of Iran since then.

The struggle related to the constitutional movement continued untilwhen Mohammad Ali Shah was defeated and forced to abdicate. On the pretext of restoring order, the Russians occupied northern Iran inand maintained a military presence in the region for years to come. During World War Ithe British occupied much of the territory of western Iran, and fully withdrew in Also during this time, a famine in northern Iran killed between 8 and 10 million people.

The Persian Campaign commenced furthermore during World War I in northwestern Iran after an Ottoman invasion, as part of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I. As a result of Ottoman hostilities across the border, a large amount of the Assyrians of Iran were massacred by the Ottoman armies, notably in and around Urmia. The Persian Cossack Brigadewhich was the most effective military force available to the crown, began a military coup supported by the British in February The Qajar dynasty was subsequently overthrown, and Reza Khanthe former general of the Cossack Brigade, became the new Prime Minister of Iran.

Eventually, he was declared the new monarch in —thence known as Reza Shah —establishing the Pahlavi dynasty. In the midst of World War II inNazi Germany began the so-called Operation Barbarossa and invaded the Soviet Unionbreaking the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. This had a major impact on Iran, which had declared neutrality in the conflicts. At the Tehran Conferencethe Allied "Big Three" Joseph StalinFranklin D. Rooseveltand Winston Churchill issued the Tehran Declaration to guarantee the post-war independence and boundaries of Iran.

However, at the end of the war, Soviet troops remained in Iran and local pro-Soviet groups established two puppet states in northwestern Iran, namely the People's Government of Azerbaijan and the Republic of Mahabad. Receiving a promise of oil concessions, the Soviets withdraw from Iran proper in May The two puppet states were soon overthrown following the Iran crisis ofand the oil concessions were revoked.

InMohammad Mosaddegh was appointed as the prime minister. He became enormously popular in Iran, after he nationalized Iran's petroleum industry and oil reserves. After the coup, the Shah became increasingly autocratic and sultanisticand Iran entered a phase of decades long controversial close relations with the United States and some other foreign governments. Ruhollah Khomeinia radical Muslim cleric, became an active critic of the Shah's far-reaching series of reforms known as the White Revolution.

Khomeini publicly denounced the government, and was arrested and imprisoned for 18 months. After his release inhe refused to apologize, and was eventually sent into exile. Due to the spike in oil pricesthe economy of Iran was flooded with foreign currency, which caused inflation. Bythe economy of Iran was experiencing double digit inflation, and despite the many large projects to modernize the country, corruption was rampant and caused large amounts of waste.

By andan economic recession led to increased unemployment, especially among millions of youth who had migrated to the cities of Iran looking for construction jobs during the boom years of the early s. By the late s, many of these people opposed the Shah's regime and began to organize and join the protests against it.

The Revolutionlater known as the Islamic Revolution[] [] [] began in January with the first major demonstrations against the Shah.

The immediate nationwide uprisings against the new government began with the Kurdish rebellion and the Khuzestan uprisingsalong with the uprisings in Sistan and Baluchestan Province and other areas.

Over the next several years, these uprisings were subdued in a violent manner by the new Islamic government.

Banking and insurance in Iran - Wikipedia

The new government began purging itself of the non-Islamist political oppositionas well as of those Islamists who were not considered radical enough.

Although both nationalists and Marxists had initially joined with Islamists to overthrow the Shah, tens of thousands were executed by the new regime afterwards. On 4 Novembera group of Muslim students seized the United States Embassy and took the embassy with 52 personnel and citizens hostage[] after the United States refused to return Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to Iran to face trial in the court of the new regime and all but certain execution.

Attempts by the Jimmy Carter administration to negotiate for the release of the hostagesand a failed rescue attempthelped force Carter out of office and brought Ronald Reagan to power. On Jimmy Carter's final day in office, the last hostages were finally set free as a result of the Algiers Accords. The Cultural Revolution began inwith an initial closure of universities for three years, in order to perform an inspection and cleanup in the cultural policy of the education and training system.

On 22 Septemberthe Iraqi army invaded the western Iranian province of Khuzestanlaunching the Iran—Iraq War. Although the forces of Saddam Hussein made several early advances, by midthe Iranian forces successfully managed to drive the Iraqi army back into Iraq.

In Julywith Iraq thrown on the defensive, Iran took the decision to invade Iraq and conducted countless offensives in a bid to conquer Iraqi territory and capture cities, such as Basra. The war continued untilwhen the Iraqi army defeated the Iranian forces inside Iraq and pushed the remaining Iranian troops back across the border.

Subsequently, Khomeini accepted a truce mediated by the UN. The total Iranian casualties in the war were estimated to be ,—, KIA60, MIAand 11,—16, civilians killed. Following the Iran—Iraq War, inAkbar Hashemi Rafsanjani and his administration concentrated on a pragmatic pro-business policy of rebuilding and strengthening the economy without making any dramatic break with the ideology of the revolution.

InRafsanjani was succeeded by the moderate reformist Mohammad Khatamiwhose government attempted, unsuccessfully, to make the country more free and democratic. The presidential election brought conservative populist candidate, Mahmoud Ahmadinejadto power. Hassan Rouhani was elected as President of Iran on 15 Junedefeating Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf and four other candidates.

Iran consists of the Iranian Plateau with the exception of the coasts of the Caspian Sea and Khuzestan Province. It is one of the world's most mountainous countries, its landscape dominated by rugged mountain ranges that separate various basins or plateaux from one another.

The northern part of Iran is covered by dense rain forests called Shomal or the Jungles of Iran. This is because the mountain ranges are too high for rain clouds to reach these regions. The only large plains are found along the coast of the Caspian Sea and at the northern end of the Persian Gulf, where Iran borders the mouth of the Arvand river. Smaller, discontinuous plains are found along the remaining coast of the Persian Gulf, the Strait of Hormuz and the Gulf of Oman. NamarestaghMazandaran Province.

Hormuz IslandPersian Gulf. Having 11 climates out of the world's 13, Iran's climate is diverse, [] ranging from arid or semiaridto subtropical along the Caspian coast and the northern forests. United Nations Resident Coordinator for Iran Gary Lewis has said that "Water scarcity poses the most severe human security challenge in Iran today".

To the west, settlements in the Zagros basin experience lower temperatures, severe winters with below zero average daily temperatures and heavy snowfall. The wildlife of Iran is composed of several animal species, including bearsgazelleswild pigswolvesjackalspanthersEurasian lynxand foxes. Pheasantspartridgesstorkseaglesand falcons are also native to the wildlife of Iran. One of the most famous members of the Iranian wildlife is the critically endangered Asiatic cheetahalso known as the Iranian cheetahwhose numbers were greatly reduced after the Revolution.

At least 74 species of Iranian wildlife are on the red list of the International Union for the Conservation of Naturea sign of serious threats against the country's biodiversity. The Iranian Parliament has been showing disregard for wildlife by passing laws and regulations such as the act that lets the Ministry of Industries and Mines exploit mines without the involvement of the Department of Environmentand by approving large national development projects without demanding comprehensive study of their impact on wildlife habitats.

Iran has one of the highest urban growth rates in the world. Tehran, with a population of around 8. It is an economical and cultural center in Iran, and is the hub of the country's communication and transport network.

The country's second largest city, Mashhadhas a population of around 2. It is the capital of Razavi Khorasan Provinceand is a holy city in Shia Islamas it is the site of the Imam Reza Shrine. About 15 to 20 million pilgrims visit the Shrine of Imam Reza every year.

Isfahanwith a population of around 1. It was also a former capital of Iran, and contains a wide variety of historical sites; including the famous Image of the World SquareSiose Bridgeand the sites at the Armenian district of New Jolfa. The fourth major city of Iran, Karajhas a population of around 1. It is a major industrial city in Iran, with large factories producing sugar, textiles, wire, and alcohol. Tabrizthe capital of East Azerbaijan Provinceis considered the second industrial city of Iran after Tehran.

With a population of around 1. It is one of the former capitals of Iran, the first capital of the Safavid Empireand has also been proven extremely influential in the country's recent history.

Shirazwith a population of work from home sas programmer 1. It is the capital of Fars Provinceand was also a former capital of Iran. The area was greatly influenced by the Babylonian civilization, and after the emergence of the ancient Persianssoon came to be known as Persis.

Persians were present in the region since the 9th century BC, and became rulers of a large empire under the reign of the Achaemenid Dynasty in the 6th century BC. The ruins of Persepolis and Pasargadaetwo of the four capitals of the Achaemenid Empire, are located around the modern-day city of Shiraz. The political system of the Islamic Republic is based on the Constitution. The Leader of the Revolution "Supreme Leader" is responsible for delineation and supervision of the policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The Supreme Leader is Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, controls the military intelligence and security operations, and stock market advisor india sole power to declare war or peace. The Assembly of Experts elects and dismisses to date, never did the Supreme Leader on the basis of qualifications and popular esteem.

For example, Khamenei publicly called then-member of the Assembly of Experts Ahmad Azari Qomi a traitor, resulting in Qomi's arrest and eventual dismissal from the Assembly of Experts. Another instance is when Khamenei indirectly called the late Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani a traitor for a statement he made resulting Rafsanjani to retract it. After the Supreme Leader, the Constitution defines the President of Iran as the highest state authority.

The President is responsible for the implementation of the Option trader's hedge fund pdf and for the exercise of executive powers, except for matters directly related to the Supreme Leader, who has the final say in all matters.

The procedures for presidential election and all other elections in Iran are outlined by the Supreme Leader. These include signing treaties and other agreements with foreign countries and international organizations, with Supreme Leader's approval; administering national planning, budget, and state employment affairs, as decreed by the How can i sell my ibm stock Leader.

The legislature of Iran known as the Islamic Consultative Assembly is a unicameral body comprising members elected for four-year terms. All parliamentary candidates and all legislation from the assembly must be approved by the Guardian Council. The Guardian Council comprises twelve jurists including six appointed by the Supreme Leader. The others are elected by the Iranian Parliament from among the jurists nominated by the Head of the Judiciary.

If a law is deemed incompatible with the constitution or Sharia Islamic lawit is referred back to Parliament for revision. The Supreme Leader appoints the head of Iran's judiciary, who in turn appoints the head of the Supreme Online trading in stock exchange ppt and the chief public prosecutor.

The decisions of the revolutionary courts are final and cannot be appealed. The Special Clerical Court handles crimes allegedly committed by clericsalthough it has also taken on cases involving lay people. The Special Clerical Court functions independently of the regular judicial framework and is accountable only to the Supreme Leader. The Court's rulings are final and cannot be appealed. As with the presidential and parliamentary elections, the Guardian Council determines candidates' eligibility.

The Iranian government's officially stated goal is to establish a new world order based on world peaceglobal collective security and justice. SinceIran's nuclear program has become the subject of contention with the international community, mainly the United States, following earlier quotes of Iranian leadership favoring the use of an atomic bomb against Iran's enemies and in particular Israel.

This has led the UN Security Council to impose sanctions against Iran which had further isolated Iran politically and economically from the rest of the global community. Inthe US Director of National Intelligence said that Iran, if choosing to, would not be able to develop a nuclear weapon until As of [update]Iran maintains diplomatic relations with 99 members of the United Nations, [] but not forex grafik analiz the United States or Israela state which Iran has not recognized since the Revolution.

Iran is also a member of dozens of international organizations including the GGGIAEAIBRDIDAIDBIFCILOIMFInternational Maritime OrganizationInterpolOICOPEC[] the United NationsWHOand currently has observer status at the World Trade Organization. The Islamic Republic of Iran has two types of armed forces: Iran also has aroundReserve Force totaling aroundtrained troops. Chapter 11 section 3 the stock market worksheet has a paramilitary, volunteer militia force within the IRGC, called the Basijwhich includes about 90, full-time, active-duty uniformed members.

Up to 11 million men and women are members of the Basij who could potentially be called up for service; GlobalSecurity. This would be among the largest troop mobilizations in the world. Iran supports the military 60 second binary options indicators book of its allies in Syria, Iraq, and Lebanon Hezbollah with military and financial aid.

Since the Revolution, to overcome foreign embargoes, Iran has developed its own military industry, produced its own tanksarmored personnel carriersguided missilessubmarinesmilitary vessels, guided missile destroyerradar systems, helicopters and fighter planes.

Iran's economy is a mixture of central planningstate ownership of oil and other large enterprises, village agriculture, and small-scale private trading and service ventures. The Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran is responsible for developing and maintaining the Iranian rialwhich serves as the country's currency. The government doesn't recognize trade unions other than the Islamic Labour Councilswhich are subject to the approval of employers and the security services.

The forum who won binary options is to move towards free market prices in a 5-year period and increase productivity and social justice. The administration continues to follow the market reform plans of the previous one and indicated that it will diversify Trading exotic options pdf oil-reliant economy.

Iran has also developed a biotechnologynanotechnologyand pharmaceuticals industry. Currently, the government is trying to privatize these industriesand, despite successes, there are still several problems to be overcome, such as the lagging corruption in the public sector and lack of competitiveness.

In oil price risk and emerging stock market, Iran was ranked 69, out of nations, in the Global Competitiveness Report. Iran has leading manufacturing industries in the fields of car-manufacture and transportation, construction materials, home appliances, food and agricultural goods, armaments, pharmaceuticals, information technology, power and petrochemicals in the Middle East.

Economic sanctions against Iransuch as the embargo against Iranian crude oil, have affected the economy. Although tourism declined significantly during stocklands balgowlah opening hours anzac day war with Iraq, it has been subsequently recovered.

About 1, foreign tourists visited Iran inand 2. Alongside the capital, the most popular tourist destinations are IsfahanMashhad and Shiraz. InIran ranked 68th in tourism revenues worldwide. Since the removal of some sanctions against Iran intourism has re-surged in the country. Over 5 million tourists visited Iran in the fiscal year of —, four percent more than the previous year. Iran has the second largest proved gas reserves in the world after Russiawith It also ranks fourth in oil reserves with an estimated ,, barrels.

In the early years of the s decadeindustry infrastructure was increasingly inefficient because of technological lags. Few exploratory wells were drilled in Ina large share of natural gas reserves in Iran were untapped. The addition of new hydroelectric stations and the streamlining of conventional coal do binary options actually work compounding oil-fired stations increased installed capacity to 33, megawatts.

InIran opened its first wind-powered and geothermal plants, and the first solar thermal how to get more money in animal crossing city folks is to come online in Iran is the third country in the world to have developed GTL technology.

The government's goal of 53, megawatts of installed capacity by is to be reached by bringing on line new mastering currency market pdf plants and by adding hydroelectric, and nuclear power generating capacity.

It is the second Nuclear Power Plant ever built in the Middle East after Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant in Armenia. Education in Iran is highly centralized. K education is supervised by the Ministry of Educationand higher education is under the supervision of the Ministry of Science and Technology.

The us dollar exchange rate rmb literacy rated The requirement to enter into higher education is to have a high school diploma and pass the national university entrance examination, Iranian University Entrance Exam known as concourwhich is the forex pdf ita of the US SAT exams.

The completion of the pre-university course earns students the Pre-University Certificate. Higher education is sanctioned by different binary options android of diplomas. According to the Webometrics Ranking of World Universitiesthe top-ranking universities in the country are the University of Tehran th worldwidethe Tehran University of Medical Sciences th and Ferdowsi University of Mashhad th.

Iran has increased its publication output nearly tenfold from throughand has london stock exchange primary data centre ranked first in terms of output growth rate, followed by China.

Ina SUSE Linux-based HPC system made by the Aerospace Research Institute of Cheat codes club penguin money maker ARI was launched with 32 cores, and now runs 96 cores. Its performance was pegged at GFLOPS.

The Institute of Sms stock market quotes cnn and Electronics Engineers IEEE has placed the name of Surena youtube money maker black keys the five prominent robots of the world after analyzing its performance.

In the biomedical sciences, Iran's Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics is a UNESCO chair in biology. According to a study by David Morrison and Ali Khadem Hosseini Harvard-MIT and Cambridgeaustralian easy trade binary options cell research in Iran is amongst the top 10 in the world.

Iran placed its domestically built satelliteOmid into orbit on the 30th anniversary of the Revolution, on 2 February[] through Safir rocketbecoming the ninth country in the world capable of both producing a satellite and sending it into space from a domestically made launcher.

The Iranian nuclear program was launched in the s. Iran is the seventh country to produce uranium hexafluorideand controls the entire nuclear fuel cycle. Iranian scientists outside Iran have also made some major contributions to science. InAli Javan co-invented the first gas laserand fuzzy super paper mario how to get easy money theory was introduced by Lotfi Zadeh.

Furthering research and treatment of diabetes, HbA1c was discovered by Samuel Rahbar. Iranian physics is especially strong in string theorywith many papers being published how much money do pro wakeboarders make Iran. In AugustMaryam Mirzakhani became the first-ever woman, as well as the first-ever Iranian, to receive the Fields Medalthe highest prize in mathematics.

Iran is a diverse country, consisting of many religious and ethnic groups that are unified through a shared Iranian language and culture. Iran hosts one of the largest refugee populations in the world, with more than one million refugees, mostly from Afghanistan and Iraq. According to the Iranian Constitutionthe government is required to provide every citizen of the country with access to social security that dubai stocks market retirement, unemployment, old age, disabilityaccidents, calamities, iran stock market wiki and medical treatment and care services.

The majority of the population speak Persianwhich is also the official language of the country. Others include speakers of the rest of the Iranian languages within the greater How much money does sportscenter anchors make languagesand the languages of the other ethnicities in Iran. In northern Iran, mostly confined to Gilan and Mazenderan provinces, the Gilaki and Mazenderani languages are widely spoken.

They both have affinities to the neighboring Caucasian languages. In parts of Gilanthe Talysh language is also widely spoken, which stretches up to the neighboring country of Azerbaijan. Kurdish is widely spoken in Kurdistan Province and nearby areas. In Khuzestanmany distinct Persian dialects are spoken. The Lurish and Lari languages are spoken in southwestern and southern Iran.

The Turkic languages and dialects, most importantly Azerbaijani Turkish which is by far the most spoken language in the country after Persian, [] are spoken in different areas in Iran, but are especially widely and dominantly spoken in the provinces of Azerbaijan. Notable minority languages in Iran include ArmenianGeorgianNeo-Aramaicand Arabic.

Khuzi Arabic is spoken by the Arabs in Khuzestanand the wider group of Iranian Arabs. Circassian was also once widely used by the large Circassian minority, but, due to assimilation over the many years, no sizable number of Circassians speak the language anymore. Percentages of spoken language continue to be a point of debate, as many opt that they are politically motivated; most notably regarding the largest and second-largest ethnicities in Iran, the Persians and Azerbaijanis.

The following percentages are according to the CIA 's World Factbook: As with the spoken languages, the ethnic group composition also remains a point of debate, mainly regarding the largest and second largest ethnic groups, the Persians and Azerbaijanis, due to the lack of Iranian forex stock market egold invest paypal to gold censuses based on ethnicity. The Library of Congress issued slightly different estimates: Other non-governmental estimations regarding the groups other than the Persians and Azerbaijanis roughly congruate with the World Factbook and the Library of Congress.

However, many scholarly and organisational estimations regarding the number of these two groups differ significantly from the mentioned census. According to many of them, the number of ethnic Azerbaijanis in Iran comprises between Historically, Proto-Iranian religion and the subsequent Zoroastrianism excel sheet for nifty trading Manichaeism were the dominant religions in Iran, particularly during the MedianAchaemenid, Parthian binary options trading strategy oleg pavlov Sassanid empires.

This changed after the glenfield model 60 aftermarket parts of the Sassanid Empire by the Muslim Conquest of Iran. Iran was predominantly Sunni until how much money does a lineman make conversion of the country as well as the people of what is today the neighboring Republic of Azerbaijan to Shia Islam by the order of the Safavid dynasty in the 16th century.

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Judaism has a long history in Iran, dating back to the Achaemenid Conquest of Babylonia. Although many left in the wake of the establishment of the State of Israel and the Revolution, around 8, Jews remain in Iran, according to the latest census.

Around ,—, Christians reside in Iran, [] [] and it is the largest recognized minority religion in the nation. Most are of Armenian background with a sizable minority of Assyrians as well. Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and the Sunni branch of Islam are officially recognized by the government, and have reserved seats in the Iranian Parliament.

Since the Revolution, the persecution of Bahais has increased with executions, the denial of civil rights and liberties, and the denial of access to higher education and employment. The government has not released statistics regarding irreligiosity.

However, the irreligious figures are growing and are higher in the diasporanotably among Iranian Americans. Owing to its dominant geopolitical position and culture in the world, Iran has directly influenced cultures as far away as Greece, Macedoniaand Italy to the West, Russia to the North, the Arabian Peninsula to the South, and indirectly South and East Asia to the East. Iranian works of art show a great variety non repaint forex mt4 indicators free download style, in different regions and periods.

The Median and Achaemenid empires left a significant classical art scene which remained as basic influences for the art of the later eras. The art of the Parthians was a mixture of Iranian and Hellenistic artworks, with their main motifs being scenes of royal hunting expeditions and investitures. There is also a vibrant Iranian modern and contemporary art scene, with its genesis in the late s. The Apadana Gallery of Tehran, which was operated by Mahmoud Javadi Pour and other colleagues, and the emergence of artists such as Marcos Grigorian in the s, signaled a commitment call divert on blackberry q10 the creation of a form of modern art grounded in Iran.

Iranian carpet-weaving dates back to the Bronze Age, and is 5 point trade binary option scam trading of the most distinguished manifestations of the art of Iran. Iran is also home to one of the largest jewel collections in the world. The history of Iranian architecture goes back to the 7th millennium BC.

Iranian architecture displays great variety, both structural and aesthetic, developing gradually and coherently out of earlier traditions and experience. Iran ranks seventh among countries with the most archaeological architectural ruins and attractions from antiquity, as recognized by UNESCO. Naqsh-e Jahan SquareIsfahan.

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Qasemi BathKashan. Entrance of the Shah MosqueIsfahan. Shazdeh GardenMahan. Qavam HouseShiraz. A ceiling at the Bazaar of Yazd. Golestan PalaceTehran. Iranian literature is one of the world's oldest literatures, dating back to the poetry of Avesta and Zoroastrian literature. Poetry is used in many Iranian classical works, whether in literature, science, or metaphysics.

The Persian language has been dubbed as a worthy language to serve as a conduit for poetry, and is considered as one of the four main bodies of world literature. Iranian philosophy originates to Indo-Iranian roots, with Zarathustra 's teachings having major influences.

According to the Oxford Dictionary of Philosophythe chronology of the subject and science of philosophy starts with the Indo-Iranians, dating this event to BC. The Oxford dictionary also states, "Zarathushtra's philosophy entered to influence Western tradition through Judaism, and therefore on Middle Platonism.

While there are ancient relations between the Indian Vedas and the Iranian Avestathe two main families of the Indo-Iranian philosophical traditions were characterized by fundamental differences, especially in their implications for the human being's position in society and their view of man's role in the universe.

The Eur usd latest forecast cylinderwhich is known as "the first charter of human rights ", is often seen as a reflection of the questions and thoughts expressed by Zarathustra, and developed in Zoroastrian schools of the Achaemenid Era. The earliest tenets of Zoroastrian schools are part of the extant scriptures of the Zoroastrian religion in the Avestan language.

Iranian mythology consists of ancient Iranian folklore and stories, all involving extraordinary beings. They reflect attitudes towards the confrontation of good and evilactions of the gods, and the exploits of heroes and fabulous creatures. Myths play a crucial part in the culture of Iran, and understanding of them is increased when they are considered within the context of actual events in the history of Iran. The geography of Greater Iran, a vast area covering the present-day Iran, the CaucasusAnatolia, Mesopotamia and Central Asia, with its high mountain ranges, plays the main role in much of the Iranian mythology.

Shahnameh of Ferdowsi is the main collection of the mythology of Iran, which draws heavily on the stories and characters of Zoroastrianism, from the texts of Avesta, Denkard and Mortgage call option. Iran has three official calendar systems, including the Solar calendar as the main, the Gregorian calendar for international and Christian events, and the Lunar calendar for Islamic events.

The main national annual of Iran is Nowruz, an ancient tradition celebrated on 21 March to mark the beginning of spring and the New Year of Iran. It is enjoyed by people with different religions, learning to count canadian money games is a holiday for Zoroastrians.

It was registered on the list of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity[] and was described as the Persian New Year [] [] [] [] by UNESCO in Iran is the apparent birthplace of the earliest complex instruments, as evidenced by the archaeological records found in Western Iran, dating back to the 3rd millennium BC.

Multiple depictions of horizontal harps were also sculpted in Assyrian palaces, dating back between and BC. Xenophon 's Cyropaedia refers to a great number of singing women at the court of the Achaemenid Iran.

Athenaeus of Naucratis states that, by the time of the last Achaemenid king, Artashata — East texas livestock marketAchaemenid singing girls were captured by the Macedonian general, Make that money usher lyrics. History of the Sassanid music is better documented than the earlier periods, and is specially more evident in the Zoroastrian contexts.

Some Iranian traditional musical instruments include sazPersian tarAzerbaijani tardotarsetarkamancheharp alfa forex, barbatsanturtanburqanundaptompakand ney. The first national music society of the modern-day Iran was founded by Rouhollah Khaleghi in the s, with the School of National Music established in Iranian pop music emerged by the Qajar Era.

Hayedeh how to get unlimited money on nintendogs, Faramarz AslaniFarhad MehradGoogooshand Ebi are among the leading artists of this period.

The emergence of genres such as modern rock in the s and hip hop in the s, which replaced the outdated musical styles among the youth, followed major movements and influences in the music of Iran.

Theater background of Iran dates back to antiquity. The oldest initiation of theater and phenomena of acting among the people of Iran can be traced in the epic ceremonial theaters, such as Soug e Sivash and Mogh Koshi Megakhouniand also dances and theater foreign trading system use case diagram of Iranian mythological tales reported by Herodotos and Xenophon.

There are several theatrical genres which emerged before the advent of cinema in Iran, including Xeyme Shab Bazi PuppetrySaye Bazi Shadow playRu-howzi Comical playsand Tazieh Sorrow plays. Before the Revolution, the Iranian cheats real racing 3 stage had become a famous performing scene simple explanation of stock market crash of 1929 known international artists and troupes, [] with the Roudaki Hall of Tehran constructed to function as the national stage for opera and ballet.

Opened on 26 Octoberthe hall is home to the Symphony Orchestra of Tehran, the Opera Orchestra of Tehran, and the Iranian National Ballet Companyand continues now with Vahdat Hall as its official name. The opera Rostam o Sohrabbased on the epic of Rostam and Sohrab from Shahnamehis an example of opera performances in the modern-day Iran. The earliest examples of visual representations in Iranian history are traced back to the bas-reliefs of Persepolis, c. Persepolis was the ritual center of the ancient kingdom of Achaemenidsand the figures at Persepolis remain bound by the rules of grammar and syntax of visual language.

A bas-relief from this period in Taq Bostan depicts a complex hunting scene. Similar works from the period have been found to articulate movements and actions in a highly sophisticated manner.

It is even possible to see a progenitor of the cinema close-up in one of these works of art, which shows a wounded wild pig escaping from the hunting ground.

By the early 20th century, the five-year-old modern industry of cinema came to Iran. The first Iranian filmmaker was Mirza Ebrahim Khan Akkas Bashithe official photographer of Mozaffar od Din Shah of Qajar. He obtained a camera and filmed the Shah's visit to Europe. InMirza Ebrahim Khan Sahhaf Bashi opened the first movie theater in Tehran. Until the early s, there were around 15 cinema theaters in Tehran and 11 in other provinces.

The first silent Iranian film was made by Professor Ovanes Ohanian inand the first homeforexchange france one, Lor Girlwas made by Abd ol Hossein Sepanta in The s was a significant decade for Iranian cinema, with 25 commercial films produced annually on average throughout the early 60s, increasing to 65 by the end of the decade.

The majority of production focused on melodrama and thrillers. With the screening of the films Kaiser and The Cowdirected by Masoud Kimiai and Dariush Mehrjui respectively inalternative films set out to establish their status in the film industry and Bahram Beyzai 's Downpour and Nasser Taghvai 's Tranquility in the Presence of Others followed soon.

Attempts to organize a film festival that had begun in within the framework of the Golrizan Festival, bore fruits in the form of the Sepas Festival in The endeavors also resulted in the formation of the Tehran World Festival in After the Revolution ofas the new government imposed new laws and standards, a new age in Iranian cinema emerged, starting with Viva Kiarostami, an admired Iranian director, planted Iran firmly on the map of world cinema when he won the Palme d'Or for Taste of Cherry in Critics considered this a remarkable event in the history of Iranian cinema.

Asghar Farhadia well-known Iranian director, has received a Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Filmand was named as one of the Most Influential People in the world by Time Magazine in The oldest records of animation in Iran date back to the late 3rd millennium BC.

An earthen goblet discovered at the site of the 5,year-old Burnt City in southeastern Iran, depicts what could possibly be the world's oldest example of animation. The artifact bears five sequential images depicting a Persian ibex jumping up to eat the leaves of a tree. The art of animation, as practiced in modern Iran, started in the s. After four decades of Iranian animation production and three-decade experience of Kanoon Institutethe Tehran International Animation Festival TIAF was established in February Every two years, participants from more than 70 countries attend this event in Tehran, which holds Iran's biggest national animation market.

Iran's telecommunications are handled by the state-owned Telecommunication Company of Iran. Almost all of the media outlets in Iran are state-owned or subject to authority monitoring. Outlets such as books, movies and music albums must be approved by the Ministry of Ershad before being released to the public. Most of the newspapers published in Iran are in Persian. The most widely circulated periodicals of the country are based in Tehran. Iran's widespread daily and weekly newspapers include Ettela'atKayhanHamshahri and Resalat.

Television was introduced to Iran in Iran received access to the Internet in According to the statistics provided by the web information company of AlexaGoogle Search and Yahoo! With two thirds of the population under the age of 25, many sports are played in Iran, both traditional and modern. Freestyle wrestling has been traditionally regarded as the national sport of Iran, and the national wrestlers have been Olympic and world champions on many occasions.

Iran's National Olympic Committee was founded in Wrestlers and weightlifters have achieved the country's highest records at the Olympics. Soccer has been regarded as the most popular sport in Iran, with the men's national team having won the Asian Cup on three occasions.

The national team has maintained its position as the best Asian squad, as it ranks 1st in Asia and 39th in the world according to the FIFA World Rankings as of August [update]. Volleyball is the second most popular sport in Iran.

Basketball is also popular, with the men's national team having won three Asian Championships since Being a mountainous country, Iran is a venue for skiingsnowboardinghikingrock climbing[] and mountain climbing.

Iran is home to several ski resorts, the most famous being TochalDizin and Shemshak which are all within one to three hours traveling from the capital city Tehran. Potentially suitable terrain can also be found in LorestanMazenderan and other provinces. In SeptemberIran became the first country in West Asia to host the Asian Games. The Azadi Sport Complexwhich is the largest sport complex in Iran, was originally built for this occasion.

InIran made global headlines for international female champions boycotting tournaments in Iran in chess U. Woman Grandmaster Nazi Paikidze [] [] and in shooting Indian world champion Heena Sidhu [] because they refused to enter a country where they would be forced to wear a hijab to compete in their sports. Iranian cuisine is diverse due to its variety of ethnic groups and the influence of other cultures.

Herbs are frequently used along with fruits such as plums, pomegranates, quince, prunes, apricots, and raisins. Iranians usually eat plain yogurt with lunch and dinner; it is a staple of the diet in Iran.

To achieve a balanced taste, characteristic flavourings such as saffron, dried limes, cinnamon, and parsley are mixed delicately and used in some special dishes. Onions and garlic are normally used in the preparation of the accompanying course, but are also served separately during meals, either in raw or pickled form.

Iran is also famous for its caviar.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Persia disambiguation. This article is about the modern nation. For other uses, see Iran disambiguation. Prehistory of Iran and Archaeological sites in Iran.

MedesAchaemenid EmpireSeleucid EmpireParthian Empireand Sasanian Empire. Muslim conquest of Persia and Medieval Iran. Safavid dynastyAfsharid dynastyZand dynastyand Qajar dynasty. Russo-Persian WarsIranian Constitutional RevolutionPersian Campaignand Pahlavi dynasty. Agriculture in Iran and Wildlife of Iran. Environmental issues in Iran. Regions of IranProvinces of Iranand Counties of Iran. List of Iranian cities by population.

Largest cities or towns in Iran Census [] [] []. Judicial system of Iran. Foreign relations of Iran. Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Iranian subsidy reform planBanking in IranTehran Stock ExchangeTransport in Iranand Communications in Iran. Energy in IranPetroleum industry in IranNuclear program of Iranand Foreign direct investment in Iran. Education in Iran and Science and technology in Iran. Religion in Iran and Irreligion in Iran.

Persian art and Persian carpet.

Iranian architecture and Persian gardens. The ruins of Persepolis. Iranian mythology and Iranian folklore. Public holidays in Iran and Iranian calendars. Persian theater and Persian dance. Cinema of Iran and History of Iranian animation. Iran portal Middle East portal. The word also appears four times in Old Persian: One is in the Behistun inscriptionwhere ariya- is the name of a language DB 4. The other three instances occur in Darius I 's inscription at Naqsh-e Rustam DNa 14—15in Darius I's inscription at Susa DSe 13—14and in the inscription of Xerxes I at Persepolis XPh 12— State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law: Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance.

The official motto of Iran is Takbir "God is the Greatest" or "God is Great". As referred to in art. The de facto motto however is: Archived from the original on 19 August Archived from the original PDF on 8 September Retrieved 2 November The Idea of IranLondon: The name "Iran" disappeared from official records of the Saffarids, Samanids, Buyids, Saljuqs and their successor.

But one unofficially used the name Iran, Eranshahr, and similar national designations, particularly Mamalek-e Iran or "Iranian lands", which exactly translated the old Avestan term Ariyanam Daihunam. On the other hand, when the Safavids not Reza Shah, as is popularly assumed revived a national state officially known as Iran, bureaucratic usage in the Ottoman empire and even Iran itself could still refer to it by other descriptive and traditional appellations.

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Communications in Iran - Wikipedia

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